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Sewerage Systems at Nankana Sahib

发布时间:2017-03-07
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Introduction

With the growing population the management of solid waste turns out to be a critical affair as if untreated wastewater is allowed to accumulate, the decomposition of the organic matter it contains can lead to the production of large quantities of mal-odorous gases. In addition the untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic or disease-causing microorganisms that dwell in the human intestinal tract. It also contains nutrients, which can stimulate the growth of aquatic plants, and it may contain toxic compounds. For these reasons, the immediate and nuisance-free removal of wastewater from its sources of generation, followed by treatment and disposal, is not only desirable but also necessary for the society to improve the hygienic condition as well as to maintain the environmental standard of the area. The ultimate goal - wastewater management - is the protection of the environment in a manner commensurate with economic, social, and political concerns.

The objective of the sewage treatment is to stabilize decomposable organic matter present in the sewage so as to produce an effluent and sludge which can be disposed of in the environment without causing health hazards or nuisance. Health hazards are also created due to the bacteriological contamination in the underground water and also to the surface water bodies.

1.1 Review of Literature

Sewage/Wastewater is essentially the water supply of the community after it has been fouled by a variety of uses. From the standpoint of sources of generation, wastewater may be defined as a combination of the liquid (or water) carrying wastes removed from residences, institutions, commercial and industrial establishments, together with such groundwater, surface water and storm water as may be present. Generally, the wastewater discharged from domestic premises like residences, institutions and commercial establishments is termed as “Sewage/Community wastewater”. It comprises of 99.9% water and 0.1% solids and is organic because it consists of carbon compounds like human waste, paper, vegetable matter etc. Besides community wastewater/sewage, there is industrial wastewater in the region. Many industrial wastes are also organic in composition and can be treated physico-chemically and/or by micro-organisms in the same way as sewage (Smith et. al, 2009).

Nasir et al. (2012) focused on the apparent lack of industrial wastewater management in Pakistan, specifically in Gujranwala. Many standard tests were done including, but not limited to, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, and total suspended solids. The results showed that, according to the parameters, nearly all samples failed to meet the National Environmental Quality Standards, and that this was a health risk that had to be addressed. Ahmed et al. (2012) analyzed copper, cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead, iron, manganese, and zinc contents in the vegetables produced in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The results indicated that the vegetables grown with sewage irrigation had the highest heavy metal concentrations, followed by those obtained from local market, progressive farmers, and hydroponic plants. Abdul et al. (2012) assessed the drinking water quality in the Bholakpur area, Hyderabad, India, where numerous people suffered from diarrheal illness with 16 deaths in May 2009. The study revealed that the heterotrophic bacteria and coliform contents in the water far exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) standards and that sewage infiltration accounted for the drinking water contamination. Gupta et al. (2012) studied the contamination of sewage-irrigated vegetables with several heavy metals, including lead, zinc, cadmium, and chromium, in a tropical Indian area. They found that radish and spinach contained the highest heavy metal levels and all vegetable samples had exceeding heavy metals content, which were unsafe for consumption according to FAO/WHO and Indian standards. Khan and Cao (2012) assessed the health effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils and vegetables irrigated with wastewater in metropolitan areas of Beijing, China. Benzo(k) fluoranthene was detected at the highest level of 242.9 µg/kg, although the total PAH levels were still within the allowable limits established by Canada, Denmark and Germany. Naik and Stenstrom (2012) quantified the influence of wastewater treatment on the overall health of human populations, disregarding economic standing, of 39 nations. The findings showed that access to water treatment reduce disease risk without an increase in income or sanitation, and showed a correlation coefficient that helped emphasize the importance of improved wastewater treatment alongside improving economics and sanitation. The effluents of two South African wastewater treatment plants were studied in order to assess the compliance of the plant with regulations (Olaniran et al., 2012). Turbidity tests determined that the water failed many standards set for pathogenic microorganisms, and that it posed a great health risk to rural communities. Research was conducted on the water quality of Ikare-Akoko, Nigeria, in order to describe the effects of the lacking water supply infrastructure on health (Owolabi, 2012). The findings outlined that factors such as, poverty and inadequate education have led to unsanitary conditions (i.e. illegal dumping of waste, and open space defecation) that have increased risk for diarrheal illness. Rolfo et al. (2012) studied cases where children under 15 were admitted to the hospital with bloody diarrhea in an urban area of Argentina to determine the incidences of shigellosis and the living conditions associated with the patient affected by shigellosis. Of all cases 69.1% were children under 5 years old and children who lacked safe drinking water were 12 times as likely to get shigellosis and 1.5 times as like without sewerage services.

1.2 Background

The district of Nankana Sahib is located about 75 kilometres (47 mi) west of Lahore and about 55 kilometres (34 mi) east of Faisalabad. The Major development occurred after being raised to a district by Punjab Government in 2005. The sewerage system of the Nankana Sahib underwent refashioning and modernization following this upgrade. Sewage from residential houses, hotels, different Institutions, commercial and other establishments is collected through different manholes of different sizes provided at regular intervals, as per requirement, within the sewerage network. Manholes are provided within the sewer network at an interval of 30 mtr. or less based on requirement. Considering the necessity from the engineering perspective ordinary manholes, junction manholes, drop manholes and flushing manholes have been constructed at different locations within the sewerage network. Flushing manholes at the head of sewer have also been provided for flushing the system once or twice a day to wash away deposited solids of the sewer. Manholes provided within the sewerage network also act as inspection manholes and are utilized for inspection, cleaning and other purposes at the time of operation and maintenance.

However, at the moment Piles & heaps of smelly garbage reside at several points in the streets, markets, roads and public places giving very bad & unpleasant look to this international city and bad arrangements of sewerage which has produced many contagious diseases spreading in the city. Mixing of sewerage water with drinking water being supplied by the supply pipes at several points has resulted in the production of contagious diseases, allergy and other associated problems among the masses of the city. The gravity of the situation could be judged that plies and heaps of garbage and wastage are present in huge quantity close to the official residences.

1.3 Rationale

Because Nankana Sahib is the birthplace of Guru Nanak Dev, the central figure in Sikhism, it is a city of high historic and religious value and is a popular pilgrimage site for Sikhs from all over the world. The poor working of the sewerage system has resulted in a lot of health and hygiene issues and is gravely affecting Pakistan’s international image. Thus there is need for evaluation and improvement of the system, yet there is no previous such study available.

1.4 Conceptual Framework

2 Statement of the Problem

The sewerage system of Nankana Sahib is not working satisfactorily and needs evaluation and improvement.

3 Objectives

The objectives of this study are

  • To determine to what extent the sewerage system at Nankana Sahib follows the PHED criteria.
  • Satisfaction Level of citizens of Nankana Sahib with the quality and working of sewerage system.
  • To make recommendations for the improvement of current sewerage system on the basis of findings of the study.

4 Research Questions

The study aims to answer the following questions

  1. Does the sewerage system at Nankana Sahib follow the PHED recommendations?
  2. What is the level of satisfaction of residents of Nankana Sahib with the quality and working of the sewerage system?
  3. What can be done to improve the current sewerage system?
  4. How the problems can be avoided by following PHED criteria in future planning?

5 Significance

  1. The study will highlight the problems of sanitation and health arising from the wretched sewerage system of Nankana Sahib.
  2. The study will help in identifying necessary adaptations to tackle these issues and improve current standard.
  3. The study will thus enable safe disposal of waste and in turn better hygiene and health of the residents of Nankana Sahib.

6 Delimitations

  1. The study will be limited to sewerage system and will not deal with other aspects of waste management.
  2. The study will focus on the working of sewerage system only.
  3. The study will focus on the situation of sewerage system only in Nankana Sahib City.

7 Research Methodology

7.1 Population

The target population is Nanakana Sahib City which has an approximate population of 70,000.

7.2 Sample and Sampling Technique

The area sampled will be Housing Colony, Nanakana Sahib City. Both area frame and list frame will be used to sample 300 random residents of the colony.

7.3 Research Design

It’s a cross-sectional exploratory survey.

7.4 Research Instrument:

Specially designed questionnaire (Appendix-I) will be used to seek citizens opinion regarding quality and working of sewerage system of Nanakana Sahib.

7.5 Data Collection

Data will be collected through both primary and secondary sources and specifically designed questionnaire will be used to ensure the validity of data collected through various sources.

  • Primary Data
    • Survey
    • Questionnaire for the residents of Nankana Sahib
  • Secondary Data
    • Statistical Officer
    • DCO/ EDO

7.6 Analysis and Interpretation of Data

All the collected data will be entered into SPSS® version 19. Quantitative variables will be presented by mean±SD and range. Qualitative variables will be presented by frequency and percentage. Charts, Graphs and Pictures will be used where appropriate.

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