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Medieval Cities

发布时间:2018-05-17
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CITY IN HISTORY

CONTENT

1. Abstract

2. Introduction

2.1. Beginning of Medieval Age

2.2. Common Features of Medieval Age

2.3. Medieval Cities Organization

3. Case Study

3.1. Location

3.2. History of San Gimignano

3.3. Basic Features of San Gimignano

3.3.1. Wall

3.3.2. Gates

3.3.3. Squares

3.3.4. Churches

3.3.5. Streets

3.3.6. Towers

4. Conclusion

5. References

  1. ABSTRACT

Cities bears the features of historical era by which they were influenced and even structures and traditions that were belonged to their term can be saved and last to today. Like other historical eras, medieval age is also an important era that has great affects on cities. City of San Gimignano is also a city that lasts to today and keeps the pattern of medieval age. Today, churches from medieval age, towers, city walls, city doors and tight streets are the symbols of medieval age. In this aspect, San Gimignano has a so rich content. These structures were achieved to be saved. Through that, we know the social, economic, ethnic and cultural structure of the city better in medieval age Europe. Since of this issue. Example of San Gimignano is very important.

2. INTRODUCTION

2.1. Beginning of Medieval Age

Roman Empire in Europe has fallen down in the beginning of fifth century and urban and also people life starts to change. Cities are destroyed, and new cities are constructed. People started to move another cities that are safer.

2.2. Common Features of Medieval Age

Medieval period refers to a process in which has not strong central authority and the state of the union. Pirenne stated that Feudalism is political, social and economic order in the age. The authority of the king was limited and less than Pope’s in the period. Churches are one of the most important features of the period. Additionally, streets, wall, squares, market places, and gates are the other important features of this period. Squares had commercial and recreational importance. The others were constructed for defense.( 1982, pp.157,163)

2.3. Medieval Cities Organization

Natural conditions, traditions and unwritten rules are played role on organization of medieval cities. When medieval cities were established, safety, defensive and protective factors are mainly considered and also geographic conditions of the cities. (Pirenne, 1982, pp, 144, 145)

Medieval-laity.jpeg

Italy in Medieval Age

Source: http://www.medievalists.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Medieval-laity.jpeg

3. CASE STUDY

3.1. Location

San Gimignano location

Source: http://tr.wikipedia.org/

San Gimignano is a small walled medieval hill town in the province of Siena, Tuscany, 56 km south of Florence, north-central Italy. In the middle ages and Renaissance era, it was a stopping point for Catholic pilgrims on their way to Rome and the Vatican, as it sits on the medieval Via Francigena.( The Origins between History and Legend, n.d. )

3.2. History of San Gimignano

The foundation of San Gimignano dates back to 63 BC. But first relevant settlements are seen at the archaic Etruscan period. In the Hellenistic period, traces of settlements are more and more, as inhabitant areas were the hill of San Gimignano. San Gimignano had living its most glorious period at 13.th and 14.th century. Its population was almost ten thousand people. ( The Origins between History and Legend, n.d. )

3.3. Basic Features of San Gimignano

San Gimignano not just bears a lot of features of medieval age, but also bears the influences of Romanesque and Gothic architecture. The basic features of town pattern are these: towers, churches, streets, squares, city walls, and gates.

3.3.1. Wall

In medieval age, city walls were most important component for cities to be protected from the enemy. Firstly, walls were built just to the castle of the feudal lords. People lived around the castle. They were vulnerable to enemy attack. People began to focus on certain centers with the development of trade and market place. After that, they were built of walls to protected

images.jpgwall.jpg

3.3.2. Gates

Other significant elements of city are gates that provide entrance and exit from the walled city. Gates are the weakest points of the walls. So they’re just opened as needed. Doors should be under the control and be safe from enemy attack is the most important point. Some of the San Gimignano gates are: Porto San Matteo and Porto San Glovanni. Also these gates are huge because they showed power and wealth of the city to the people coming to city or enemies attacking to. (Porto San matteo,,n.d.)These walls would restrict growth of the city, but they were necessary for the defense. San Gimignano have walls as defense system and walls were surrounding of half of city, because San Gimignano locates on crest. (San Gimignano from mediaeval times, n.d.)

porta

Porta San Matteo

Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Porta_san_matteo_11.jpg

3.3.3. Squares

Squares is a considerable part of the city. They provide economic and social interactions to humans. These are like closed space at open space. They have surprising effect. Squares were the commercial centers of the medieval ages, they were use as market places.

Map of San Gimignano

Source: http://www.planetware.com/

Some of squares is town square and some of is only church square. Piazza della Cisterna and Piazza della Duomo are significant square of San Gimignano. (San gimignano squares, n.d)

Piazza della Cisterna is the main square of the town. This triangular square surrounded by many towers and other medieval buildings. Cisterna means fountain. Square name is coming from fountain which located on the middle of the square.

The Fountain in Piazza della Cisterna

Source: http://www.aboutromania.com/

Piazza della Cisterna

Source: http://www.turismo.intoscana.it/

The other important square is Piazza della Duomo. It is connected to Piazza della Cisterna with narrow street. Additionally also church square at the same time. (San gimignano squares, n.d)

Piazza della Duomo

Source: http://www.sangimignano.com/

Two main squares

Source: http://tr.wikipedia.org/

3.3.4. Churches

Another important feature of this period is church. There are many churches in the town. The most important one is Sant'Agostino. Sant'Agostino is housing a many artworks from early Italian renaissance artists. In the Middle Ages Renaissance Period, due to the stop place of the Catholic religious go to Rome and the Vatican for having churches, San Gimignano gained considerable importance. (Historic churches, n.d.)

Other churches in San Gimignano;

  • San Pietro
  • Santo Bartolo,
  • Madonna dei Lumi
  • San Francesco
  • Duomo
  • San Lorenzo in Ponte
  • San Girolamo
  • San Jacopo

Church of Sant'Agostino

Source: http://www.sangimignano.com/

3.3.5. Streets

Street pattern is shaped according to topography, natural conditions and climate. If we examine of characteristics of medieval age, we come across organic streets pattern. In medieval age streets, there are tight curved ways, irregular construction islands and parcel shapes. There exists adjacent regular houses along tight streets. Ways were constructed in a pedestrian-oriented way. San Gimignana also has these features of medieval age. Some of the factors caused San Gimignano to do have tight streets are because it is established in a ridge and dependencies of area. People sense of enclosure effect in San Gimignano streets. This limited area has organic and tight streets which were designed to be connected to town doors. ( San gimignano from medieval times, n.d.)

yol.png

San Gimignano Street

Source: http://www.sangimignano.com

San Gimignano organic street

3.3.6. Towers

Other symbol is towers in medieval age. These towers are power symbol and defense tools. The most prominent feature of San Gimignano is its high towers. Only 14 of 72 are available today. Towers were built as symbol of power and wealth of the aristocrats. Because it was very expensive to build these towers and only merchants along with aristocrats were able to afford those. Height of a tower associated with the power and wealth of the owner of the tower. Besides, these towers were used as watching towers in order to provide city security. Also, there were towers that were used as home. Rooms were placed according to basic security rules. Entrance has workshop, first floor has bedroom and there is a kitchen at the topmost. Thus, it will be easier to escape from a probable blaze. San Gimignano is named as Manhattan of medieval age since it has high towers. ( The Tower as a Symbol of Power, n.d.)

The towers of San Gimignano

Source: http://www.contemporarynomad.com/2012/11/the-towers-of-san-gimignano/

The towers survived are:

  • Campanile della Collegiata
  • Torri degli Ardinghelli
  • Torre dei Becci
  • Torre Campatelli
  • Torre Chigi, (1280)
  • Torre dei Cugnanesi
  • Torre del Diavolo
  • Torre Ficherelli or Ficarelli
  • Torre Grossa, (1311) 54 metres
  • Torre di Palazzo Pellari
  • Casa-torre Pesciolini
  • Torre Pettini
  • Torre Rognosa, 51 metres
  • Torri dei Salvucci

Features of San Gimignano

Source: http://www.mallchok.org

4. CONCLUSION

  • San Gimignano enables us to see many examples of medieval architecture
  • Towers which show power and wealth cause that San Gimignano is called as the Manhattan of the middle Ages. These towers are origin of the skyscraper.
  • San Gimignano's churches have been frequented place for pilgrims.
  • Streets of San Gimignano were narrow in housing spaces. Also, it has organic city pattern.
  • Market places area and squares provide that social, economic and cultural activities in these areas.
  • San Gimignano has given importance for the defense, so people built city walls and powerful gates. Also, they used tower to spy out the enemy.
  • The town of San Gimignano has many fine examples of Romanesque and Gothic architecture
  • San Gimignano is protected by UNESCO World Heritage Site,because of the protection of medieval architecture.( From decline after the second half of the fourteenth century to nowadays, n.d.)

5. REFERENCES

P.Henri, OrtaçaÄŸ Kentleri, Dost kitabevi, 1982

Retrieved from:http://www.medievalists.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Medieval-laity.jpeg

Retrieved from: http://www.san-gimignano.com/history_san_gimignano.htm#.U4bLI_mJfFI

Retrieved from:

http://tr.wikipedia.org/

Retrieved from:

http://www.sangimignano.com/

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Porta_san_matteo_11.jpg

http://www.planetware.com/

http://www.aboutromania.com/

http://www.turismo.intoscana.it/

http://www.contemporarynomad.com/2012/11/the-towers-of-san-gimignano/

http://www.mallchok.org

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